Anti-mycobacteria

D-Cycloserine is an amino acid analog antibiotic effective against a wide variety of bacteria. It is commonly used against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is suitable for use as a selection agent in a variety of isolation methods. D-cycloserine inhibits a variety of enzymes, is a partial NMDA receptor agonist, and may improve memory and cognition.

D-cycloserine inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by competitively inhibiting D-alanine, an amino acid required to synthesize peptidoglycan. Resistance to D-cycloserine occurs by D-alanine transport interference.

Product Specifications
D-Cycloserine

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY GRADE

Formula: C₃H₆N₂O₂

MW: 102.09 g/mol

Storage/Handling: Store at -20°C.

PubChem Chemical ID: 6234

Ethambutol is an antitubercular antibiotic effective against Mycobacterium species, especially Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It has been used to study multidrug-resistant tuberculosis and in combination with other drugs to decrease the risk of developing additional multidrug resistant species.

The mechanism of action of ethambutol starts with inactivation of arabinosyl transferase, an enzyme required to transport mycolic acids to the cell wall. Upon inactivation of this enzyme, cell wall permeability increases allowing toxic substances to enter the cell.

Antibiotics are often used in clinical in vitro tests known as antimicrobial susceptibility tests or ASTs to determine their efficacy against certain bacterial species. They are tested against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria using panels, discs, and MIC strips by medical microbiologists. ASTs decrease the risk of using an antibiotic against bacteria exhibiting resistance to it, and the results are used in clinical settings to determine which antibiotic(s) to prescribe for various infections.

Product Specifications
Ethambutol

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY GRADE

Formula: C₁₀H₂₄N₂O₂

MW: 204.31 g/mol

Storage/Handling: Store at 2-8°C.

PubChem Chemical ID: 14052

Ethambutol DiHCl is a hydrochloride salt form of an ethylenediamine derivative that is used as an anti-mycobiotic. It has been used for studying multidrug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and to investigate effective antibiotic combinations for ethambutol DiHCl.

It has been used for bacterial selection and its bactericidal mechanism is not well understood. Some research has found ethambutol DiHCl to inhibit mycolic acid transport into mycobacterial cell walls. Mycolic acid is a fatty acid chain that is a key component of mycobacterium’s resistance to many antibiotics and harsh conditions.

Antibiotics are often used in clinical in vitro tests known as antimicrobial susceptibility tests or ASTs to determine their efficacy against certain bacterial species. They are tested against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria using panels, discs, and MIC strips by medical microbiologists. ASTs decrease the risk of using an antibiotic against bacteria exhibiting resistance to it, and the results are used in clinical settings to determine which antibiotic(s) to prescribe for various infections.

Product Specifications
Ethambutol DiHCl
Ethambutol HCl

Formula: C₁₀H₂₄N₂O₂ ∙ 2HCl

MW: 277.23 g/mol

Storage/Handling: Store at room temperature.

PubChem Chemical ID: 14051

Ethionamide is a thioamide antibiotic. Primarily targeting Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium leprae, ethionamide is useful against tuberculosis and leprosy. Although the mechanism is not well known, it is thought that ethionamide prevents synthesis of mycolic acids which are a required component of Mycobacterium cell walls. It is sparingly soluble.

Product Specifications
Ethionamide

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY GRADE

Formula: C₈H₁₀N₂S

MW: 166.24 g/mol

Storage/Handling: Store at 4°C.

PubChem Chemical ID: 2761171

Isoniazid is a prodrug derivative of nicotinic acid that is used as an antibiotic compound against Mycobactrium tuberculosis, M. bovis, and other mycobacteria. This prodrug is transformed by catalase-peroxidases, where its active form inhibits an enoyl-reductase (InhA). Inhibition of InhA compromises bacterial cell walls by preventing mycolic acid synthesis, disrupting fluid homeostasis and leading to cell death.

Product Specifications
Isoniazid
Isonicotinic acid hydrazide

Formula: C₆H₇N₃O

MW: 137.14 g/mol

Storage/Handling: Store at room temperature.

PubChem Chemical ID: 3767

Pyrazinamide is an anti-tubercular antibiotic. It is also used to study ways to prevent liver toxicity and in the formation of polymeric copper complexes.

Although the mechanism of action of pyrazinamide is not well understood, it is thought that upon entering a target cell, it is converted to pyrazinoic acid or POA. This conversion results in altered cellular permeability and decreased internal pH due to POA accumulation in the cytoplasm. This may inhibit fatty acid synthesis.

Product Specifications
Pyrazinamide

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY GRADE

Formula: C₅H₅N₃O

MW: 123.11 g/mol

Storage/Handling: Store at 2-8°C.
Soluble in alcohol or aqueous solution.

PubChem Chemical ID: 1046